How Does the Poet Convey the Horrors of the War in ‘Attack’ Essay Sample free essay sample

The poet conveys the horrors by utilizing personification. onomatopoeias and other interesting techniques. In Sassoon’s verse form ‘Attack’ he includes: Lack of hope. loss of human individuality. forfeit of life. despair of soldiers and the disorganisation and uncomfortableness of war. The horror of war is portrayed in the manner that the soldiers are deprived of their human individuality and are merely seen as a ‘thing’ and non persons. In the center of the verse form Sassoon uses an equivocal line that can be interpreted otherwise. The phrase is â€Å"Lines of grey† . This could be a man’s face and how it is speaking about the clay acquiring embedded in the lines on his face ; which are doing them look Grey. However. it could besides be the long line of soldiers standing ; they are non being recognized separately but more as a whole. They are described as Grey because they are covered in clay and they are evidently sad and maintaining their faces down so they can’t be seen. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does the Poet Convey the Horrors of the War in ‘Attack’? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The following line that takes off the soldiers’ individuality is â€Å"muttering faces† . This is taking away their unity by stating that it is a big figure of people ; the soldiers aren’t being recognized. So as the soldiers are non being perceived decently it is amplifying the horror of non being ‘seen’ by the others around you. a sense that you are on your ain. The poet describes the pitilessness of the war through the despair of soldiers and the forfeit of life. At the terminal of the verse form Sassoon says â€Å"grappling fists† this is utilizing a present participial. which is giving you a sense of immediateness ; that this is go oning now. To be coping something you are seeking to keep on in despair. but this undertaking is now unsuccessful because of the fact that they are utilizing their fists. The poet besides uses â€Å"to meet the abounding fire† this is more a forfeit of life instead than despair because the work forces have to ‘jostle’ and ‘climb’ over their trenches to acquire shooting at. It is besides personification because a gun or slugs can non ‘bristle’ . They can non acquire angry or annoyed at the soldiers. The despair and forfeit of the soldiers are besides stressing the horrors of war. Sassoon is demoing the horror of war by stating that there is no hope. At the terminal of ‘Attack’ hope is being personified into something that is similar to the soldiers themselves. Sassoon is stating that hope has â€Å"furtive eyes† which suggests that hope is seeking fell and that it doesn’t desire to be destroyed. Siegfried besides says that hope â€Å"flounders in mud† which is stating that hope is incapacitated because it can non travel decently ; hope is despairing. The really first portion of the verse form includes â€Å"dawn† which in a sense is the mark of hope. but in this instance. morning is something the soldiers all dread ; there is no hope. even in morning. Because there isn’t even hope in morning and that hope is despairing it elaborates the ferociousness of the war. Siegfried has displayed the inhumaneness of war through disorganisation and uncomfortableness of the war and the soldiers. Sassoon says â€Å"Then. clumsily bowed with bombs and guns and shovels and battle-gear† this is being really realistic as he is showing the soldiers as existent people. He is demoing that they can be gawky and that they have to transport excessively much material as good. which is decidedly a uncomfortableness to the soldiers. The poet besides says: â€Å"Men jostling and climb† which is disorganized and unplanned. As a consequence of this the war is being presented as something that is unorganised and messy. which is a horror because so many soldiers can decease because something wasn’t planned decently.

The Causes and Effects of Child Abuse Essays

The Causes and Effects of Child Abuse Essays The Causes and Effects of Child Abuse Essay The Causes and Effects of Child Abuse Essay Day by twenty-four hours the safety and good being of some kids across the state are threatened by kid maltreatment and disregard. Child maltreatment is making injury to child intentionaly or non provides the indispensable demands for the kid. Abuse kid can be in physical, emotional, sexual in signifier or disregard. Each signifier has its different features. Causes of child maltreatment can be parents causes, ecological causes or child jobs. Parents causes involves parent who have background of emotional want, unaware of difference between subject and maltreatment, and isolated from the community. Teenage or individual parent besides can harm their kids because they lack experience in raising kids. Ecological causes which are related the environment surround the kid. For illustration, poorness, overcrowding, substance maltreatment, and jobs in matrimony. Child causes include child disablement and demand of particular demands. Child maltreatment has great impa ct on kid s life, damaging a childaa‚Â ¬a„?s ego regard, ability to hold healthy relationships, and ability to map at place, at work and at school. The Causes and Effects of Child Abuse Child maltreatment is one of the major issues that bring the attending of full state. Several organisations formed because it is non merely an person or familial job. It takes different signifiers, physical or psychological ill-treatment of kids. Harmonizing to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) define child maltreatment as any act or series of Acts of the Apostless of committee or skip by a parent or other health professional that consequences in injury, possible for injury, or menace of injury to a kid ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cdc.gov/violanceprevention/pdf/CM-FactSheet-a.pdf ) The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act ( CAPTA ) define child maltreatment and disregard as any recent act or failure to move on the portion of a parent or caretaker who result in decease, serious physical or emotional injury, sexual maltreatment or development ( What is Child Abuse and Neglect, 2008, para.2 ) . Every twelvemonth 1000000s of kids suffer from different type of kid maltreatment. Most child maltreatment consequences from effort to penalize or command the kid. Parents try to penalize their kids when they are making something incorrect and to avoid botching the kid, but these efforts will increase to bring forth physical injury to the kid. Therefore we have to separate between physical subject and physical maltreatment. The most common manner to separate physical penalty from maltreatment is by the presence or absence of physical hurt. It is of import to acknowledge that most parents do non desire to crush their kids. Virtually all parents feel regret after such an incident and most believe physical penalty is non an effectual path to increase conformity, larning or regard for the parent ( Durrant, 1996, p.186 ) . In 2001, an estimated 3 million kids were reported to province Child Protective Service ( CPS ) bureaus as suspected victim of maltreatment and disregard. One million kids were confirmed victim of ill-treatment ( physical maltreatment, disregard, sexual maltreatment, medical disregard, psychological maltreatment, other maltreatments ) , with another 4 million involved in referrals to Child Protective Services ( National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information, 2003a ; 2003b ) . Three fourths of the culprits were health professionals, and an extra one ten percent were relations. However, merely about one half of the kid maltreatment and neglect study are investigated nationally, and on mean merely about tierce of the probe find grounds of kid maltreatment and disregard ( Potts A ; Mandleco, 2007, P 1208 ) . Some people believe that the kid abused by stringers merely, but the truth that the kid can be abused by parent, a friend of parent, vicinity, or even a household m ember. This essay paper on the causes and effects of kid maltreatment will include types of kid maltreatment and clinical manifestation can be seen in each type, causes and effects of kid maltreatment. There are four signifiers of kid maltreatment that is neglect, physical maltreatment, emotional maltreatment and sexual maltreatment. The most common signifier of kid maltreatment is neglect. Harmonizing to Longman dictionary neglect is pay deficient attending to, or ignore . It means parents or health professionals fail to supply the of import demands for their kids. Neglecting the kid can be noticed if the kid deficiencies of hygiene, dresses apparels which is dirty, old, and inappropriate for age and conditions, often absents from school, ever ill and no medical aid provided, malnourished and isolated from others. These marks of disregard are largely observed by people who are ever with close contact to child like the instructor, physicians, nurses and neighbors. They are often the 1s who notice, fishy and study kid disregard. Disregard has three signifiers which are physical disregard, emotional disregard and educational disregard. Physical disregard is the most abuse noticed a mong kids. Physical disregard can be seen in many ways for illustration if the parent non provides supervising, repetition shuttling of kid from one family to another for a twenty-four hours or hebdomad at a clip, non supplying equal nutrient for their kids, apparels, house, non seeking medical attention for a serious wellness job or non giving the kid his intervention. Emotional disregard includes inattention to child s demand of fondness and emotional support, expose kid to extreme spousal maltreatment, allowing the kid to utilize drugs and imbibe intoxicant, garbage of medical aid for kid with psychological jobs and using high outlook that is inappropriate for kid s age and degree of development. Educational disregard can be if the parent refuses to inscribe the kid in school, failure to supply the indispensable acquisition demands and let frequent absence from school. The 2nd type of kid maltreatment is physical maltreatment which is the most clear and has a immense physical consequence on the kid. Physical maltreatment should ever be suspected when there is an hurt that can non be explained, or when the history provided is incongruous with the physical findings or the kid s developmental degree. Intuition should besides be aroused when the health professional claims the hurt was self-inflected, inflected by a sibling or when there is a hold in seeking medical services ( Potts A ; Mandleco,2007, P 1211 ) . There are certain clinical manifestations can be observed in kids who are abused physically which is unexplained contusions or wales that appear in assorted phases of mending frequently in clustered forms that reflect the forms of the articles used to bring down hurt, unexplained Burnss particularly on the colloidal suspensions, thenars, back, or annular ( on natess or genitalias ) , unexplained breaks to the skull, nose, or facial construct ion ; multiple or coiling break ; or disruptions and legion break in assorted phases of healing and bald spots on the scalp ( Ashwill A ; Droske, 1997, P 1287 ) . A 3rd type of kid maltreatment is emotional maltreatment. Among all different kid maltreatment, emotional maltreatment is the hardest type to place. Harmonizing to American Humane, Emotional maltreatment of a kid is normally defined as a form of behavior by parents or health professionals that can earnestly interfere with a kid s cognitive, emotional, psychological, or societal development ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.americanhumane.org/aboutus/newsroom/fact-sheets/emotional-abuse.html ) . Emotional maltreatment occur when parents disregarding and mortifying the kid, insulating the kid from the household, verbally assailing the kid, endangering the kid, rejecting kid s value and petition, seting higher outlook on the kid and exposing the kid to household or community force. The clinical manifestations which can be observed on a kid who is emotionally abused are speech jobs, slowdowns in physical development, failure to boom and hyperactive or disruptive behavior. The last type of kid maltreatment is sexual maltreatment which is the least often reported of kid maltreatment. Harmonizing to ( Potts A ; Mandleco,2007 ) Sexual maltreatment is defined as exploitative sexual act ( s ) imposed on a kid who lacks the emotional, cognitive, or maturational development to cover with the actions ( Giardino, Brown, A ; Giardino, 2003 ) . Sexual maltreatment can be in different ways which are coercing the kid to prosecute in sexual activities, exposing the kid genitalias, sexual contact with the kid, incident exposure of genitalias to a kid, and physical contact to child genitalias. Everybody believes that the misss are more frequently abused sexually, but the fact that both misss and male childs are sexually abused. Surveies have shown those sexual maltreatment victims are normally between 6 and 9 old ages of age. Ashwill made it clear that kids will demo some physical marks such as difficulty walking or posing, torn, stained or bloody underclothing, h urting, swelling or itchiness of genitalias, hurting on micturition, contusions, shed blooding or lacerations affecting the external genital organ, vagina, or anal country and inordinate onanism ( Ashwill A ; Droske, 1997, P 1289 ) . Understanding causes of kid maltreatment is of import to turn to the job in order to forestall it. Specialists and experts who evaluated a bused kid s environment and household background have come out with three causes for kid maltreatment which are parental causes, ecological causes and kid jobs. Parental causes include parents who are really immature and deficiency of experience of taking attention for kids are more likely to pretermit kid s demand. For illustration ; teenage parent or individual parent neer learned the accomplishments necessary for good parenting. Although, parents who suffer many jobs and they can non command their choler which will bring down their kids by mistreating them physically. On the other manus, parents who were abused when they were kids are more likely to mistreat their ain kids excessively. It is similar rhythm of force and maltreatment. Besides, some parents raise their kids same the manner as they rose even if parents were abused. Some parents non distinguish subject from maltreatment which lead to physically mistreat their kids in order to learn them the right things. Parents who physically abuse their partners can besides mistreat their kids. At same clip, parents who suffer from mental upset, anxiousness or depression can non take right determination for themselves, either for their kids. Ecological causes involve mistreating drug and intoxicant by parents. Parents who are drunk they can non believe decently for the demands of their kids. Besides they are unrealistic in their behaviour which can take to mistreat their kids without even experiencing that they are making so. Some surveies show that poorness drama major function in mistreating kids. As the parents face fiscal troubles, they can non supply kid s demand. Besides, those parents normally isolated and deficiency of societal support. On the other manus, if twosomes have job in their matrimony that may bring down their kids emotionally. Some parents are cognizant they are maltreating a kid but are unable to halt. Other opprobrious parents literally hate kids or are disgusted by them. The kid s demand, wateriness, shouting, or dirty nappies are intolerable to the parent. Abusive female parents tend to believe their kids are deliberately raging them. In many instances, troubled parents expect the kid to love the m and do them happy. When the kid can non run into such unrealistic demands, the parent react with deadly angry. Such parents are more likely to physically mistreat their kids ( Coon, 2004, p 154 ) . Child jobs include disabled kids. Lovingness of kid with particular demands is hard and need household and community support. Some parents ignore the demands for the kid which lead to mistreating kid s rights. All types of kid maltreatment regardless the causes ; impact the kid by some manner. The effects of kid maltreatment vary depending on the type of kid maltreatment. Some of these effects are physical and other are emotional or psychological. Surveies show that sexual and emotional maltreatment has the major impact on kid. Effectss can be classified to short term effects and long term effects. Short term effects can easy observe and the marks of mistreating show in short period. For illustration ; lesion, Burnss or break that occur after physical maltreatment, which healed after seeking medical intervention. Child will demo some sexual behaviours include sexual drama with dolls. Child will be aggressive, fright of parents, fright to travel place, and isolated from public. Child will contend to other pupil in category. Child may hold trouble in address and can non show feelings. Child who has been abused by his parent will non swear them to supply physical and emotional demands, which finally lead to deficiency of trust to other people in the community. Long term effects are marks that hard to observe at beginning of mistreating incidents and will come on with the developmental procedure of the kid which lead it to happen after long clip. Almost it will happen in grownup age if kid did non seek medical aid. For illustration ; the grownup will hold trouble to set up normal relationships with other. Adult survive from kid maltreatment, can hold unexplained marks of fright, anxiousness and depression. Adult subsister of sexual maltreatment can mistreat other kids which is the rhythm of mistreating. Besides the grownup may endure from sexual familial disease. The grownup will hold trouble to show feeling, and may turn to substance maltreatment ( intoxicant or drugs ) . The grownup may try to suicide. To sum up, kid maltreatment is world-wide job impacting kids from birth to 18 old ages of age. There are different types for kid maltreatment which is neglect, emotional maltreatment, physical maltreatment, and sexual maltreatment. There are three chief causes for kid maltreatment which is parent causes, ecological causes, and kid jobs. Based on causes many effects can be observed on the kid which affect kid emotionally, physically and societal development. In my sentiment observing the early marks of maltreatment will stop farther injury to child, better opportunity for recovery, and appropriate intervention will be provided for the kid. Since the household is the nucleus of love and attention for the kid, it is of import to convey their attending and highlight the causes and effects of kid maltreatment, so they can play important function in halting the affair. Therefore, proper consciousness of the community plays an of import function in forestalling this job from traveling farther.

Construction contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Construction contract - Essay Example The implementation of the NEC contracts has resulted in great benefits in terms of time, money and quality both nationally and internationally. The NEC documents are essentially different in approach to many other procurement contracts. This approach is seen in the drafting of the contract. Where the traditional approach to a contract showed the adversarial relationship between the client and the contractor, the NEC approach to contracts promotes a collaborating approach that has a consistent record of submitting projects in the given time, and on budget (Bennett and Baird, p30). The NEC is a unit of standard contracts with three key characteristics that exist in each document. Firstly, it promotes good management and shows the relationship and the work between the two parties in the contract. Secondly, the NEC can be used for a variety of commercial situations as they support a variety of types of work regardless of the location. Lastly, NEC is a clear and simple contract which is drafted in easy language and simple words so that it is easy to understand for all parties. The contract in regard of the whole project comes with notes for guidance and flowcharts showing the details of the procedure of the project (Gibson, p77). Compensation events are those events that lead the contractor to be compensated for any change in price and as well as the completion date, if that event is not the contractor’s fault. The consequence of the compensation event is that the contractor has to allow additional payment and additional time. In some rare cases, these compensation events may also result in reduced payments. The basis on which the contractor is paid for the compensation event is the actual and forecast cost of the project. All the compensation events are mentioned in the contract under the core clauses where the contractor and

Perspectives of Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Perspectives of Terrorism - Essay Example Immediately following and as a reactionary response to September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the U.S., President George W. Bush stated the county’s intent to initiate a ‘War on Terrorism’ which he characterized as a prolonged battle against those that would employ terrorist actions along with the nations that enabled them. In addition, the U.S. Congress gave formal authorization to the President on September 18, 2001 to â€Å"use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons† (U.S. Code 2002). Following this proclamation, Bush made his infamous ‘dead or alive’ speech on October 10, 2001, and offered a list of Americaâ₠¬â„¢s 22 most-wanted terrorists.During his State of the Union Address on September 20, 2001, Bush presented his position to the American people and the assembled body of Congress. â€Å"Our war on terror begins with al-Qaida, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated†. On November 13, 2001, in the first such occasion since World War II, Bush signed into law an executive order that allows military tribunals to use any actions they deem necessary.... "Our war on terror begins with al-Qaida, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated" (White House, 2001). On November 13, 2001, in the first such occasion since World War II, Bush signed into law an executive order that allows military tribunals to use any actions they deem necessary. The U.S. military could now imprison for an indefinite period of time and without representation, any person of foreign nationality who are simply alleged to have associations with terrorist activities. For example, when the U.S. invaded Afghanistan, legal advisors tied closely to the ideology of the Bush administration within the Justice Department's Office advised Bush that the U.S. was not legally bound by the U.N. Charter or international laws with regard to rules of engaging a perceived enemy. These views were echoed by Alberto Gonzales, then White House legal advisor for the President and now Attorney General of the U .S. He also advised President Bush that he did not have to comply with the Geneva Conventions in the handling of prisoners, or 'detainees' in this war on terror (Calame, 2006). This opinion, shared by legal counsels to the President, applied to not only those directly affiliated with al Qa'ida but to the entire ruling party in Afghanistan, the Taliban, because, as they argued, Afghanistan was a 'failed state' (Mayer, 2005, p. 32). The Bush administration chose to follow the advice of this jaded, self serving legal opinion in spite of strong disagreement by the U.S. State Department which cautioned against disregarding U.N. and international laws as well as covenants of the

International Economic History Since 1870 Essay

International Economic History Since 1870 - Essay Example The industrial and manufacturing base was strengthened with electrification and military expansion contributing towards strengthening the country’s economy through the development of a strong domestic base. The strength of Japan’s institutions played a significant role in the strength of its economy, so that even after the Second World War and subordination to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, Japan was able to re-emerge as one of the strongest economies of the world (Allen 1981). Japan’s economy has demonstrated a remarkable rise as compared to other countries, and the period of significant economic growth has been marked by three spurts in growth in the 1910s, the 1930s and 1960s. There have been several reasons that have been proffered for the meteoric economic rise of Japan. Perhaps this can best be summed up in the words of one Japanese economist, â€Å"Japan is an example of a fantastically creative response to defeat†¦.[which] brought about †¦.a far greater scale of devastation in the economy of Japan, necessitating a fresh renovating start in almost every aspect.† (Tsuru, 1993, p 67) The long period of Tokugawa rule could be viewed as an isolationist state, or as some researchers have postulated a period of peace and stability that fostered initiatives by the State to improve economic conditions within the country (Ohkawa and Rosovsky, 1973). During the period of enforced isolation, the economy of Japan was inextricably linked with politics and the culture of the shogun and daimyo ensured that a strictly regulated internal system flourished within the country, which enabled sustained domestic growth. The role of the State in fostering economic growth has also been supported by Mosk(2001) and Minami (1994), who have highlighted the achievements of the Togukawa era , when there was a high level of urbanization

A Study On Theoretical Perspectives In Maladaptive Behavior

A Study On Theoretical Perspectives In Maladaptive Behavior Maladaptive behavior is known as behavior that is different than normal. There are many ways to define behavior that is unusual. Antisocial Disorder is also known as abnormal. There are many perspectives known to help define and explain these behaviors. Scientific theories have been created to organize our thoughts and our beliefs to explain what it all means (Sarason, 2005). Biological Perspective explains the relationships between our brain and our behavior (Sarason, 2005). This would also cover heredity and genetics (Sarason, 2005). This perspective assumes that our bodily maladaptive behavior is due to a problem in our body (Sarason, 2005). Behavior genetics is known as a study of the effects of our genetic inheritance of behavior (Sarason, 2005). Psychodynamic Perspective is the idea that thoughts and emotions are important causes of behavior (Sarason, 2005). In most cases biological factors are important in the diagnosis of a patient. Most medical conditions require biological factors, (Sarason, 2005). Equipment such as the position emission tomography scan and the computerized tomography (CT scan) are starting to be used to demonstrate studies between the brain and behavior, (Sarason, 2005). In research of genetics and heredity it has shown that chromosomal defects are the cause of metabolic disorders that may lead to mental retardation, (Sarason, 2005). Phenylketonuria is an example of such a condition, (Sarason, 2005). Body refers to organs, muscles, bones, and the brain; mind refers to attitudes and feelings or thoughts, (Sarason, 2005). The separation between the two is intellectual intervention (Sarason, 2005). Although many people believe the separation to be complete. Cognitive and bodily functioning are closely working together (Sarason, 2005). It is known that maladaptive behavior is because of a dysfunction in the body and the way it functions (Sarason, 2005). Maladaptive behavior is a joint product of three major components; in the body or a hormonal deficiency, in physiological functioning or a tendency towards shyness, and in a social environment (Sarason, 2005). Chromosomes are threadlike that are present in the cells that make up our DNA (Sarason, 2005). Anomolies in the chromosomes are likely to cause abnormalities in our brain (Sarason, 2005). Someone with Down syndrome usually has 21 of these chromosomes as opposed to the usual 2 (Sarason, 2005). Each of these genes contains their own characteristic positions (Sarason, 2005). 60% of these genes are responsible for brain functions, (Sarason, 2005). 4,000 diseases are caused by abnormalities in these chromosomes, (Sarason, 2005). Psychologists study these genes; this is called behavior genetics (Sarason, 2005). As humans we inherit behavior (Sarason, 2005). This study is called pedigree studies. Here are some of the common studies of genetic research: Gene- Parts of your DNA that contain proteins that carries out tasks in your body (Sarason, 2005). Alleles- Variants of the same gene in a species(Sarason, 2005). Genome- All DNA processed by a person (Sarason, 2005). Genotype- the DNA makeup at the moment of conception (Sarason, 2005). Phenotype-Characteristics resulting from environment and genetics (Sarason, 2005) Heritability- A statistical estimate of characteristics affected by genetics (Sarason, 2005). Nervous System and the Brain The nervous system and the brain are also affecting who we are as humans. The nervous system is the brains control area and very important in the functioning of the brain (Sarason, 2005). The nervous system consists of neurons which have very special purposes (Sarason, 2005). The brain is now known as the most complex structure in the entire world (Sarason, 2005). The nervous system is split into two parts: the central nervous system, including the nerve cells or neurons, brain and spinal cords (Sarason, 2005). The Peripheral nervous system includes all the neurons that connect the central nervous system with the glands, muscles, and sensory system (Sarason, 2005). The Peripheral nervous system has two parts; the somatic system and the Autonomic system (Sarason, 2005). The somatic system transmits information from sense organs to the muscles that help us move (Sarason, 2005). Autonomic system directs activity of the glands and our internal organs (Sarason, 2005). It is said that the brain has a lot to do with our behavior. The way it functions and the way we perceive things when the brain is trying to transmit the information can also get lost in translation. There are so many ways that information can be misinterpreted when the brain is not correctly functioning. The behavioral state of a human is usually best observed through an EEG machine. This machine can measure alertness through tracings of the brain and its activity. It can measure if someone is alert or awake, resting, eyes closed, light sleep, deep sleep, or dreaming (Sarason, 2005). A healthy brain will also react to new experiences where a damaged brain might not react (Sarason, 2005). This can also be measure on an EEG machine. Freuds Theory of Personalities Sigmund Freud was a great neurologist from 1856-1939 (Sarason, 2005). He was also one of the most influential writers in the twentieth century. Freuds theory of Personality is also one of the most influential writings. It seems very complex to some. One of Freuds theories consists of psychic determinism. This states that behavior is determined by prior mental events in ones life (Sarason, 2005). Freud believed that there are two levels of consciousness. One is consciousness itself and the other is precociousness (Sarason, 2005). This means that if someone were thinking of one thing, they could easily store this in mind and move back to a previous thought. Freud found that this had a lot to do with overt behavior. He also believed that the greater the mental conflict in the conscious stayed there, the greater the stress would become (Sarason, 2005). Behavior Perspectives and Genetics The behavioral perspective focuses on behavior as a response to stimuli in the environment of the organism, (Sarason, 2005). An American psychologist names John B. Watson created was the founder of behaviorism (Sarason, 2005). Watson created this as a thoroughly mechanical affair, (Sarason, 2005). The complete personality was created for overt behavior and was built up out of the conditioning process (Sarason, 2005). Many psychologists did not believe Watson. They believed that behavior was much more complex. They believed that it is truly a hard process. Watson just believed that a little time would bring on a dynamic behavioral change. Behavioral Perspective was also created because psychologists found that Freuds ideas about the mind were too complex enough and very vague (Sarason, 2005). Psychologists believed that this could be explained in an easier way to understand. Many of them were having problems understanding so this led them to creation of their own theories. Both the psychoanalytical and behavioral approaches are deterministic but can be found in different places, (Sarason, 2005). Psychologists that use this type of behavioral perspective focus on what the patient is learning (Sarason, 2005). They view any type of behavior as stimuli-response and relationships (Sarason, 2005). In the process of changing someones behavior, they concentrate on altering the environment and rewards (Sarason, 2005). Early behavioral perspectives lacked certain elements. In the process of classical conditioning psychologists are watching for a response that an organism is automatically stimulated and transferred to a new one through an association between the two (Sarason, 2005). Ivan Pavlov was one of the most famous classical conditioning experimenters. Pavlov placed a hungry dog in a harness and turned on a light at certain intervals (Sarason, 2005). The dog did not salivate in response to the light making the light conditioned stimuli (Sarason, 2005). After a few times of trying this, meat powder was delivered after the dog was stimulated. Since the dog was hungry, he salivated an unconditional response (Sarason). Pavlov found that although there was no food delivered at certain points of the experiment, the dog was still salivating. Pavlov also tried the ringing of a bell as a stimulus (Sarason, 2005). In some cases there are unpleasant, avoidant or escape responses (Sarason, 2005). For example, the experiments that entails a mouse moving through a maze to find food. They use the electric charge to pulse through the mouse to help them find the food. Eventually the mouse is able to get to the food every time without the stimuli of the electric charge to show him the way. When these conditioned responses are reinforced during the process of conditioning, these responses dissipate (Sarason, 2005). The disappearance of early responses is called extinction (Sarason, 2005). Many students of maladaptive behavior begin to become fascinated with classical conditioning when they realize it explains a lot about many types of emotional responses (Sarason, 2005). There is also such a thing as accidental conditional responses For example, I almost drowned when I was 4 years old. Since that day I have been terrified of any body of water. If I were to tell a psychologist this, they might recommend systematic desensitization (Sarason, 2005). Here is a diagram of how this might work (Sarason, 2005). Unconditional Unconditional responses Drowning Fear Conditional Stimulus- Conditional response Pool or another body of water Fear Breaking down the steps of stimuli between the conditional stimuli and conditional responses could alleviate the fear of water or drowning. Operant response is also called instrumental conditioning, when the organism must make a particular response to the actions before the reinforcement starts to take affect (Sarason, 2005). The organism reflects its environment (Sarason, 2005). B. F. Skinner was the first psychologist to demonstrate this type of conditioning and its effectiveness (Sarason, 2005). He was also one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century (Sarason, 2005). Skinner created an experiment named Skinner box where a rat will press a bar repeatedly if this activity is reinforced by pellets of food falling into a dish (Sarason, 2005). Operant conditioning is responses that occur less prior to being reinforced (Sarason, 2005). Reinforcement, punishment, and extinction are all steps of operant conditioning (Sarason, 2005). A reinforce is an event that increases the possibility of a stimulus responding in a certain way (Sarason, 2005). A positive reinforce increases the possibility of the outcome being something good (Sarason, 2005). A negative reinforce increases the outcome being something negative (Sarason, 2005). Punishment is another way of changing behavior that is hit or miss. Sometimes it will be effective and other times it will not. Here are a few examples of a schedule of reinforcements used to research learning. Continuous reinforcement schedule- every response of a particular type is reinforced (Sarason, 2005). Partial or Intermittent reinforcement schedule- only some of these responses are reinforced (Sarason, 2005). Fixed-ratio schedule- reinforcement is given after a fixed number of these responses (Sarason, 2005). Variable-ration schedule-reinforcement varies around an average 10 responses (Sarason, 2005). Fixed-Interval schedule- reinforcement follows the first response that occurs after certain time intervals (Sarason, 2005). Variable-interval schedule- reinforcement occurs after a variable interval of time (Sarason, 2005). Psychodynamic Perspective The psychodynamic perspective the idea that thoughts and emotions are important causes of behavior, (Sarason, 2005). Many psychologists believe that rational thinking will produce personal and social adjustment (Sarason, 2005). In the 19th century this began to attract more and more attention. People were drawn to the fact that maladaptive behavior was not normal. The organic approach to psychological behavior is influenced by physiological and the anatomy of a human being (Sarason, 2005). Mental disorders are a direct reflection of what is going on in the brain and how we function with this (Sarason, 2005). People began to believe that brain cells were what were making us unhappy (Sarason, 2005). The bad thing about this belief system is that there is much more to it. We needed to dig deeper to figure out what the stem of the problem was. Psychologists were finding it harder to convince people that there was really something wrong as opposed to someone just being crazy. People wanted to believe what they wanted to, making it difficult for psychologist. Psychologists hope to find evidence that behavior was a reflection of the brain (Sarason, 2005). An interact ional or biopsychological approach currently directs the work of most clinicians and researchers, (Sarason, 2005). Coping, skills due to this perspective result in stress and vulnerabili ty (Sarason, 2005). Think of these as a coping mechanism (Sarason, 2005). Antisocial Disorder Anti-social disorder is typically associated with violence, delinquency and violence ( Sarason, 2005). Critical features of this disorder would be: Failure to conform to social norms, (Sarason, 2005) Deceitfulness or being manipulative (Sarason, 2005) Failure to plan ahead or being impulsive (Sarason, 2005) Irritability or being aggressive (Sarason, 2005) Disregard for other; being reckless (Sarason, 2005) Consistently being irresponsible (Sarason, 2005) Lack of remorse for their actions (Sarason, 2005) Anti-social disorder is inherited and it is not yet clear how (Sarason, 2005). Impulsive physical violence is related to low levels of serotonin and one of its metabolites in spinal fluid, (Sarason, 2005). Anxiety has also been studied. It has become a very consistent component of Anti-social disorder (Sarason, 2005). People with anti-social disorder lack the ability to feel for others and will most likely hurt the people that are closest to them without remorse (Sarason, 2005). People with anti-social disorder are very difficult to diagnose and help. Their tendencies and personalities are very hard to understand (Sarason, 2005). In conclusion, our behavior is not only altered by genetics but is also altered by our brain and our nervous system. It is very difficult to find a direct diagnosis of a person without all medical history. There are numerous things that could affect a humans train of thought and the ability to cope in day to day life. Freuds theory shows that people are able to be aware of their ability to consciously think. We are constantly thinking on two levels, giving us the ability to make choices. We are able to think on a level of good or bad. We are able to capacitate many types of brain alterations. The brain is so complex making it very difficult for us to truly understand. We have the basis of how behavior can affect us. We can chose to listen to our preconscious as opposed to the conscious that is telling us to do the wrong thing. Or we can run through life with reckless disregard for others. We have the ability to make these choices for ourselves, given that we are aware of the malfunct ioning of our brains. Despite this, technology and diagnosis will continue to expand and diagnosis will become easier and easier.

lord of the flies :: essays research papers

CHAPTER 7 - SHADOWS AND THE TREES The boys continue their search of the island and moves towards the mountaintop. When they stop to eat, Ralph's mind wanders to other things. He observes the boys and again realizes they have become dirty and unkempt, a state of their freedom which he accepts as normal. Ralph then looks at the vast ocean. It seems as if the sea acts like a barrier, preventing their rescue, keeping them from civilization, and condemning them. Simon joins him and interrupts Ralph's thoughts of home. He tries to calm the leader by assuring him that they will certainly be rescued soon. Later in the day, the hunters are delighted to discover fresh pig droppings. They decide to hunt the pig while searching for the beast. Soon everyone spies the wild boar and wildly gives chase. Ralph joins the madness, excited by the thrill of the adventure, and throws a wooden spear, which hits the boar's snout. Since it is his first hunt, he is delighted at his accuracy and tries to gain the respect and appreciation of the boys. Jack draws the attention away from Ralph by displaying his bloodied arm, wounded by the tusks of the boar. Although the hunt ends with the wild animal escaping, the boys are still filled with excitement. They have a mock play with Robert at the center representing the pig. Jack, Ralph, and the boys perform a savage dance and jab at Robert with the spears almost injuring him seriously. As Robert struggles to get free, the boys chant frenziedly. The desire to hunt and draw blood almost overpowers them, but they manage to bring themselves under control. Ralph uneasily reminds everyone that it has only been a game; but the leader now understands the exhilaration of participating in a hunt. Since it is growing dark, there is a discussion among the boys as to whether they should stay on this side of the mountain and hunt the beast or return to Piggy and the "littluns". They decide to stay, and the kind Simon offers to go off through the forest alone to inform Piggy of the plans. Because it is night, Ralph feels that they should postpone their search until daylight. Jack accuses him of cowardice and Ralph gives in. While the other boys stay behind, Ralph, Jack and Roger begin to climb the mountain, but Ralph still feels it is a foolish