Politisc Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Politisc - Research Proposal Example The free factor is sex, age, level of enthusiasm for decisions, bases to pick ideological group, level of trust in British legislators and feeling with respect to adequacy of casting a ballot. The survey is to incorporate the entirety of the free and ward factors. The appropriate responses of the survey are entered in the SPSS processor for factual investigation. The information got from the survey will be a blend of all out and numerical. The clear cut information will be sexual orientation, enthusiasm for decisions, bases to pick party, assessment of viability of casting a ballot, gathering to decide in favor of. This all out information will be counted and encoded so as to mirror the degree of power of every classification. This code is later utilized in the measurable motor to derive legitimate suppositions from the information. The numerical information to be utilized is age and level of trust of the British lawmakers. From the above table it is obvious that the trust level for the British government officials is 4.3 on a scale from zero to ten. The standard deviation is 2.61 demonstrating that practically 75% of the example confides in their legislators at a level from 1.7 to 6.9. The accompanying figure exhibits the conveyance of the degree of trust among test tried. An alpha estimation of .05 is picked to acknowledge or dismiss the invalid speculation. The speculation to be tried is the degree of reliance of the variable decision on the autonomous factors sexual orientation, age, level of enthusiasm for races, bases to pick ideological group, level of

They Probably Know More Than You Think! Essays - Privacy

They Probably Know More Than You Think! Papers - Privacy They Probably Know More Than You Think! They Probably Know More Than You Think! Protection and opportunity are very esteemed in our general public, and are somewhat legitimately ensured rights by the constitution. Quick advances in innovation, related to convincing thought processes to utilize this innovation to control and endeavor parts of human life by and large, just as the working environment, make pressing the topic of what employments of the innovation ought to be allowed. This is an extreme inquiries, however on the off chance that organizations would understand that their representatives are the explanation that they remain in business then they would not need to disregard the security privileges of individuals. Representatives and organizations need to cooperate to move beyond the business/worker strain that makes representatives take etc..., and bosses set up reconnaissance hardware and so forth... Anyway there may just be 1 out of 50 representatives taking so does this legitimize the reconnaissance or the other 49 (WRAC 420)? Shouldn't something be s aid consistently life? OK need to have arrangements of every little thing about you devised and put on PC databases for the entire world to know? There truly is a major issue with the infringement of individual protection today. From the work environment, to purchasing a vacuum and turning out to be a piece of a mailing list, to the pressure that absence of security causes individuals, nobody is protected from, older sibling. Nobody likes to have somebody sit over them and watch constantly, and nobody likes to be watched when they don't think about it. Without reasonable justification that one carried out a wrongdoing nobody has the privilege to deny the privilege of security to another, regardless of whether it be by offering names to a mailing rundown or cameras observing each move they make while in the workplace. In the work environment there has been a continuous fight over what managers may do to screen representatives. The work place isn't where you can anticipate the security of your own home. Anyway nobody ought to must be exposed to having their email perused or continually being observed by cameras. Westin accepts that any business that needs to make due in this administration arranged condition will must be worried about the nature of administration that is conveyed through the broadcast communications and database situated interface with the shopper (Westin 458). These sorts of reconnaissance make an unpleasant circumstance and are a diverting methods for manager observation proof of this in his exposition: 43 percent of checked representatives said that they endured lost inclination in their fingers and wrists, while just 27 percent of unmonitored representatives whined of high pressure rather than 67 percent of unmonitored laborers (Whalen 436). The harm done by a couple of degener ate or amateurish officials is far more noteworthy than someone taking excessively long for a short breather (Whalen 436). In the work place a fair compromise ought to be reached between boss/worker, for example, a prize framework for trustworthiness and quality work as opposed to making representatives insane with unneeded observation hardware. The undue pressure put on individuals by new innovation is reprehensible. Individuals don't care to feel like they are being taken a gander at, and when they do feel along these lines it causes pressure both mental and physical (Whalen 436). This truly isn't an issue in markets or corner stores where observation is expected to shield clients from taking, however more in the workplace setting where the worker may feel like Big Brother, is holding back to jump on even the most minor misstep. This pressure is caused makes representatives less profitable, and forgets about individuals and about in regular daily existence checking their conduct so they won't get captured on tape doing or saying something that could later be confused and held against them. The answer for this is there should be restricts on how that sort of innovation is utilized, (Whalen 437). Additionally the pressure factor should be perceived as the general negative thing it is and that it ought to be stayed away from. How would you feel when you mail request something, and afterward get all of garbage mail that is even firmly identified with what you requested? This is just a glimpse of something larger (Glastonbury

How the Financial Aid Process is Impacted by Divorced Households

The following article was written by Blaine Blontz, MBA, www.financialaidcoach.com. We hope you will find this article a good resource as you prepare to navigate the financial aid process. The financial aid process can be extremely confusing for all families, sometimes exponentially so for divorced households. While there are several opportunities related to families of divorce navigating the financial aid process, I'll take a look at one below. It's been known that how you complete financial aid forms significantly impacts the amount of money you receive (or don't) from schools. What you may not be aware of is that families of divorce sometimes have options when it comes to who will be the custodial parent listed on these forms. When it comes to the FAFSA, the only information required will be that of the parent deemed to be custodial. Essentially, as long as you can make a case that the student is living with the parent at least half of the time they can be considered custodial. More and more private schools are also requesting the CSS Profile, a financial aid form which digs deeper than the FAFSA. These schools often request information from both the custodial parent AND the non-custodial parent. As a result, with two households considered, the amount of need determined by a school (which directly correlates with the amount of financial aid received by a family) is impacted. Let's look below for an example. We'll assume that the parents are divorced and the student lives with Parent 1 more than 50% of the time. Parent 1 - Earns $80,000 - Assets of $140,000 (Custodial) Parent 2 - Earns $180,000 - Assets of $200,000 (Non-custodial) For schools that are requesting non-custodial information, they will see the $80,000 in earnings and $140,000 in assets of Parent 1 AND the $180,000 in earnings and $200,000 in assets of Parent 2. It makes sense that the inclusion of Parent 2's financial information into the equation could result in less financial aid being extended to the student. While most schools are now requiring the non-custodial portion of the CSS Profile to be completed, there are several well-regarded schools that still do not. Because of this, which schools families of divorce are applying to can make a significant impact on how much they ultimately receive in financial aid and thus have to pay out of pocket (or finance) for college. You can find a full list of updated schools that require the CSS Profile here. This also lists if the schools require the non-custodial profile. To illustrate this, here's an example again using Parent 1 and Parent 2. If the student applies to the University of Virginia, a school that DOESN'T require non-custodial information, their Estimated Family Contribution (EFC) is likely to be in the range of 25,000. If the student were to apply to the University of Richmond, a school that DOES require non-custodial information, their EFC is likely to be in the range of 80,000. As a result, the above family would have a remaining cost of roughly $30,000 at the University of Virginia versus being required to potentially full-pay at the University of Richmond, roughly $60,000. Nothing against the University of Richmond, but do you think it would be worth $30,000 more per year for this family? This is just an illustration to give you an example of the impact applying to one school over another could have for a family of divorce. CSS Profile EFCs are determined using many factors school-to-school, so I don't want to make their determination out to be a simple or uniform process. Again, you can find the list of schools that require the CSS Profile and the non-custodial profile in the link above. With the help of admissions specialist I have put together a list of schools that are more well-regarded and do not require the non-custodial profile. This is useful information for families of divorce that are putting a college list together. I offer a service that provides families with their expected EFC, how this is determined specific to their family and what options they potentially have to reduce the number, potentially increasing their financial aid eligibility. This is useful for all families, but you can see how it can be especially useful for families of divorce. You can call (727-372-9685) or email me (financialaidcoach@gmail.com) to discuss this service or others that I offer.

Study On Shipping In Oil And Gas Sectors Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2391 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The oil can is mightier than sword Anonymous The statement above rightly describes the value of oil and gas today globally. We were never so much dependent on oil and gas as we are today. If we talk about Indian oil and gas industry then we can trace its beginning when the oil was first struck at Makum near Margherita in Assam in 1867. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Shipping In Oil And Gas Sectors Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Since then the industry has come a long way. For nearly fifty years after independence, the oil sector in India has seen the growth of national oil companies in a protected environment. Then a process of change of the sector began in the mid nineties, from a state of complete protection to the open competition. The move was considered necessary in order to attract funds and technology from abroad into the sector. Few important points to be noted here is that the sector in recent years has been characterized by rising consumption of oil products, declining crude production and low reserve. India remains one of the least-explored countries in the world, with a well density among the lowest in the world. The years since independence have however seen the rapid growth of the upstream and downstream oil sectors. There has been efficient use of resources for exploration activities and increasing refining capacity as well as the creation of a vast marketing infrastructure and a pool of h ighly trained and skilled manpower. Indigenous crude production has risen to 35 million tonnes per year, an addition of fourteen refineries, an installed capacity of 69 million tonnes per year and a network of 5000 km of pipelines. With so much development taking place in the oil and gas sector in India and with very little exploration activities our dependence has greatly increased on oil and gas. Today we are having 14 refineries with a total capacity of 184.40 MMTPA and still if we look at the imports for the year 2008-09 then we imported 128.16 MMT of oil and 8.06 MMT LNG. . Following was the situation of domestic crude oil production and consumption in India:- Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2007 The above table indicates the total demand and production situation in the country till 2006 and it is the reason that in order to fulfil this need one important source is required and that is shipping. In this paper we will be focussing on the shipping in oi l and gas sector, international practices in shipping of oil, different types of tankers used, chartering, etc Initially we will have a look at the world oil and gas shipping scene and various terms and methods related to it then move on to Indian scenario. International Domestic Practices in Crude Oil Petroleum Product Shipping In 1954  Shell Oil  developed the average freight rate assessment (AFRA) system which classifies tankers of different sizes. To make it an independent instrument, Shell consulted the  London Tanker Brokers Panel  (LTBP). At first, they divided the groups as  General Purpose  for tankers under 25,000  tons  deadweight  (DWT), Medium Range  for ships between 25,000 and 45,000  DWT  and  Large Range  for the then-enormous ships that were larger than 45,000  DWT. The ships became larger during the 1970s, which in turn required rescaling of the sizes. The system was developed for tax reasons as the tax authorities wanted evidence that the internal billing records were correct. Before the  New York Mercantile Exchange  started trading crude oil futures  in 1983, it was difficult to determine the exact price of oil which could change with every contract. Shell a nd BP, the first companies to use the system abandoned the AFRA system in 1983, later followed by the US oil companies. However, the system is still used today. Besides that, there is the flexible market scale, which takes typical routes and lots of 500,000 barrels. Merchant oil tankers carry a wide range of hydrocarbon liquids ranging from crude oil to refined petroleum products.  Their size is measured in  deadweight metric tons  (DWT). Crude carriers are among the largest, ranging from 55,000  DWT  Panamax-sized vessels to ultra-large crude carriers (ULCCs) of over 440,000  DWT. Supertanker is an informal term used to describe the largest tankers. Today it is applied to very-large crude carriers (VLCC) and ULCCs with capacity over 250,000  DWT. These ships can transport two million barrels of oil. Because of their great size, supertankers often cannot enter port fully loaded.  These ships can take on their cargo at off -shore platforms and  single-point moorings.  On the other end of the journey, they often pump their cargo off to smaller tankers at designated  lightering points off-coast.  A supertankers routes are generally long, requiring it to stay at sea for extended periods, up to and beyond seventy days at a time. Smaller tankers, ranging from well under 10,000  DWT  to 80,000  DWT  Panamax vessels, generally carry refined petroleum products, and are known as product tankers.  The smallest tankers, with capacities under 10,000  DWT  generally work near-coastal and inland waterways. Although they were in the past, ships of the smaller  Aframax  and  Suezmax  classes are no longer regarded as supertankers. Chartering The process of hiring a ship to carry cargo is called chartering. There are four types of charter arrangements by which tankers are hired Voyage charter Time charter Bareboat charter Contract of affringement.   In a voyage charter, the charterer rents the vessel from the loading port to the discharge port. In a time charter, the vessel is hired for a set period of time, to perform voyages as the charterer directs.  In a bareboat charter, the charterer acts as the ships operator and manager, taking on responsibilities such as providing the crew and maintaining the vessel.  Finally, in a contract of affreigement, or COA, the charterer specifies a total volume of cargo to be carried in a specific time period and in specific sizes, for example a COA could be specified as one million barrels of JP-5 in a years time in 25,000 barrel shipments.  A completed chartering contract is known as a  charter party. One of the important f actors to be considered for any charter party is the  freight rate for carriage of cargo.  The freight rate of a tanker charter party is specified in one of four ways: 1) By a lump sum rate 2) By rate per ton 3) By a time charter equivalent rate 4) By  Worldscale  rate In a lump sum rate arrangement there is a fixed price which is negotiated for the delivery of a specified cargo, and the ships owner or operator is responsible to pay for all port costs and other voyage expenses.  Rate per ton arrangements are used mostly in chemical tanker chartering, and differ from lump sum rates in that port costs and voyage expenses are generally paid by the charterer.  Time charter arrangements specify a daily rate, and port costs and voyage expenses are also generally paid by the charterer. The Worldwide Tanker Normal Freight Scale, often referred to as Worldscale, is established and governed jointly by the Worldscale Associations of Lond on and New York.  Worldscale establishes a baseline price for carrying a metric ton of product between any two ports in the world.  In Worldscale negotiations, operators and charterers will determine a price based on a percentage of the Worldscale rate. The baseline rate is expressed as WS 100.  If a given charter party settled on 85% of the Worldscale rate, it would be expressed as WS 85.  Similarly, a charter party set at 125% of the Worldscale rate would be expressed as WS 125. Shipping of Oil Gas in India Shipping requirements; be it import/export or domestic coastal movement are handled by the chartering desk of respective oil company. All the three types of chartering; viz. Time Charter, Spot Charter and COA (Contract of Affreightment) are used to charter ships. The process of enquiry through which ships are chartered is as under: Process for Chartering Ship for crude oil/ product imports Floating of Enquiry Enquiry is floated to all the Indian Ship owners/ Indian Ship brokers registered with the importer. Copies of all enquiries would be sent to DG (Shipping) and Indian National Ship owners Association (INSA), for obtaining mandatory No Objection Certificate (NOC) / Licenses. Enquiries would be floated through e-mail / fax. Receipt of Offers Receipt of offers shall be through either of the following modes: Dedicated email box with password protection. Separate mailboxes shall be provided for receipt of offers against each enquiry. A dedicated fax in a l ocked room would also be available as an alternate mode. Offers received by either of the above modes will be considered. The offers will be printed / collated after the email box is opened at the designated time for receipt of offers specified in the enquiry or on the expiry of the extended time as provided in sub-clause (g) of this clause, as the case may be. Unsolicited / Mid way offers will not be considered. As a standard procedure, bidders will be required to submit hard copy of the offer and other related communications for records. Evaluation of Offers The offers will be ranked on the basis of freight. Demurrage rate and Other Terms and Conditions of the Charter Party (CP) will also be evaluated. Counter Offers / Negotiations The process of Counter Offers / Negotiation is as under: No Indian Ship Owner has quoted: Negotiation will be held with all the technically acceptable bidders indicating their respective ranking. Whereas a Firm Counter w ill be given to lowest (L1) bidder, the counter to all other bidders will be Open (i.e. Open 1, Open 2 etc.). During negotiations, original rankings of the bidders can change depending upon their response to the counter. Indian Ship Owner (s) has also quoted : If offer is received from Indian ship-owner, (Vessels belonging to Indian Ship Owner flying the Indian Flag), the Indian ship-owner will have the first right of refusal vis a vis the lowest offer received from Foreign ship owner, in compliance with government guidelines. Indian Ship Owner is L1 The counter shall be offered firm to the technically acceptable L1 Indian ship-owner. Open counters would be offered to other technically acceptable Indian ship-owners and all technically acceptable foreign ship-owners. The respective rankings of all the bidders shall be disclosed. If negotiations are successful with the foreign ship-owner, Indian ship-owner will be asked to match the rate, failing which the ship will be fixed with the foreign ship-owner. Indian ship-owner is not L1 The counter will be given firm to the technically acceptable L1 Indian ship-owner and open to other technically acceptable Indian and foreign ship-owners. The relative ranking of all ship-owners shall be disclosed. Fixtures on subjects Once negotiations are concluded, the ship fixture will be confirmed on subjects with a time schedule, while the ship fixture is on subjects following activities will be undertaken: Charterers management approval Terminal/Supplier Acceptance To arrange for license from DG (Shipping) in case of foreign ships Obtain record note of negotiations and Fixture Note from the broker / owner for record. Charter Party Agreement Following Charter Party Agreements apply: Voyage Charter Party (VC for Foreign Coastal) ASBATANKVOY with BPCL specific (Rider) Clauses. Time Charter Party (Foreign Voyages) SHELLTIME 4 / 3 (for LPG) Coastal and Time Charter Party. Charte r Party agreements developed by BPC and in use. Procedure for chartering out time charter vessels For Chartering out vessels by the importer, Oil Majors, Trading and Shipping companies and Empanelled Brokers registered with the importer, will be intimated on position list, trading area, cargo grade, laycan etc. Negotiations: Based on the offers received, the importer may carry out negotiation with best offer. On successful completion of the negotiations the vessel shall be given on subjects to the charterer for their approval. Charter Party Terms: Standard ASBATANKVOY Charter Party agreement shall be followed and finalized along with the rider clauses (after negotiations) with charterers. Major players in Indian shipping industry (oil and gas) The Shipping Corporation of India Ltd. The Shipping Corporation of india is the largest Tanker owner in India. They have a well-diversified fleet of crude Tankers of all sizes: MR, LR-I, LR-II, Aframax, Suezmax and VLCC Tankers. The Shipping corporation of India has a Tanker Commercial Department which looks after scheduling and deployment of Tankers for feeding crude to various Indian oil refineries. Lighterage operations on the east and west coasts are also undertaken, to facilitate quick turnaround of Tankers, which otherwise cannot call on ports due to port restrictions/limitations.The department also ensures commercial deployment of in-chartered tonnage, to meet its obligations of lifting cargo under the Contract of Affreightment (COA). Varun Shipping Company Ltd. Varun shipping company has got its charters. Their charterers are comprise both domestic and international companies.  Their main domestic charterers  include Indian PSUs such as Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited and private domestic sector conglomerates such as the Reliance Group and Essar Group. Few of the direct international charterers include Exmar Group and KS AS Hektorgas of Bergesen Worldwide Group.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€š They have got 3 crude oil tankers with dead weight tonne of 106004,107081,106597 respectively and 10 LPG carriers of different DWTs out of which they have two bare boat charter. Essar Group Essar group is also one of the important and big players in Indian oil and gas shipping industry. The company has got LCC and VLCC and is currently serving BPCL, HPCL, IOCL, etc. They have also got their business in core oil and gas sector such as refineries and retail outlets and the shipping segment of their business helps them in the process. Great eastern shipping Co. Ltd. They are Indias largest shipping service providers serving oil giants like Shell, Exxonmobil, etc. They have got a total fleet of 32 ships which include both oil and gas (LPG) tankers with 2.09 and0.02 MN DWT respectively. There are also other big players and many are government owned such as Vishakapatnam Port Trust, Kolkata Port Trust, etc and among private players there are Apeejay shipping Ltd., Five star marine services etc. Oil and gas industry would never have been so big and huge if there wouldnt have been such means of transportations available because in India that is the only means of transportation of oil from outside. Though we can explore the possibilities of inter country pipeline transportation but we still have to cover quite a distance in this case. We are progressively building much bigger and mightier crude oil vessels now time will only tell how far we can go in this field.

Diversity And Diversity At Concordia University - 935 Words

We are all different; we are classified by the color of our skin, by our wealth, by our looks, and by the way we act. Diversity is having variety. Having people like who you are might make you feel included, but it also can make you feel excluded. Concordia University is such a diverse campus, we have international students to students that live a block away; from students that English was not their first language, and to students who grew up learning English. Concordia’s diversity is growing. Diversity can separate us, but as unique individuals, we are able to build connections with others. In the public, we might not be equal because of who we are but what people think of a group of people or places, it should not affect the way you think; learn or try to understand before you judged. There is a room for people who feel like they won t fit in or feel like it s hard to connect. This room is the diversity room. This room is for everybody; it might just seem likes it is for cer tain groups of students but it is for everyone. The diversity room have so many opportunities. Many different individuals come to the room. Diversity room have a vibe where you are connected, they make you feel like you matter. This room brings energy and gives to people who are having a bad day. The people you meet in there, are people who can give you many opportunities to connect with Concordia. The diversity room is a room with many great people; these people try to help their fellowShow MoreRelatedMidterm 1 Sample Multiple Choice Questions Essay1260 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY BUSINESS LAW AND ETHICS: Midterm exam Total Value: 25 Marks Date: September 30th, 2009 Instructor: Benito Aloe Time: 40 minutes Name: _____________________Signature: ___________________ID No:________ Course materials permitted: None. Concordia Academic Code of Conduct will be strictly enforced. unless otherwise indicated. 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Essay on Introduction about Standard Costing System

Question: Write a report on the utilisation of standard costing system as a measurement tool of productivity and quality. Discuss the effects of standard costing system on the profitability, financial planning and behaviour of employees of the business organisations by referring to at least ten published articles. Answer: Part 1 Introduction on Standard Costing System Meaning of Costing (Standard) Ordinary Costing is the carry out for substitute for a predictable cost known as real cost. It changes periodically recorded variances in displaying expected as well as actual costs. This particular approach simplifies alternative to cost like FIFO and LIFO methods (Seal, Garrison Noreen, 2012). It assumes the historical cost information in maintaining stock. Standard Costing includes estimated creation on all activities in and within company. Using standard costs includes applications that are time-consuming for collecting actual costs. Standard costs are used in case of close approximation with actual costs at the same time. Types of Standard Cost Ideal Standard Ideal Standard or costs considers as a standard for attainment under favorable conditions in possible ways. It includes performance levels as under ideal standards for achieving in best possible combination of factors like materials as well as labor. It is the highest output in and with best equipment as well as layout for future analysis purpose. It underlies maximum efficiency for utilization of various production resources (Lee, 2014). Addition to that, maximum output should be handled at minimum cost under ideal condition. This Standard reflects on goals as well as targets without any kind of hope of performance levels that needs achievement for future purpose. Practical Standard Practical Standard considered as average standard for attainment purpose for specified time. It is preferably long enough in covering complete business cycle. This particular standard is set depending upon the normal capacity in representation of volume at the time of peak and slack periods (Horngren, Harrison Oliver, 2012). Constant unit costs employs throughout cycle in regard with changes in current cost as well as selling prices. Comparison between costs (Actual and Standard) Cost (Actual) Standard Costs Actual Costs are those costs that are required by manufacturers in assigning ever-changing actual cost for each individual component in the manufacturing process at the same time. It includes materials, overhead as well as labor at associated time for an accurate final price. These are typically acquired in form of purchase order as per manufacturing order. Standard costs is considered as traditional method of costing by the manufacturers as required for assigning predetermined estimate values in each of the attributes like materials, labor as well as overhead. Most of the discrete manufacturers like stock widget manufacturers produces same thing as preferred by standard costing. Actual costing tends by manufacturers for frequent changing costs like job shops, compounders as well as assemblers and volatile raw materials. Standard Costing relates variances as considered as management tool. It is calculated variances in approximation of actual costs. Part 2 Discussion on the importance of standard costing system to business organization Standard costing system is a vital method by which standard cost are employed in desired form. In accordance with ICMA, Standard costing system is the preparation as well as usage of standard costs by their comparison in actual cost. It helps in analysis of variances in point of variances. It is the method for cost ascertainment for preparation of statistics like standard cost, actual cost as well as differences known as variance. Standard costing system discloses deviation cost in case of standard as well as clarifies in causes (Horngren Horngren, 2012). Management immediately informs sphere of operations in providing proper remedial actions in necessary terms. Standard Costing System involves ascertainment as well as usage of standard costs. It records actual costs as well as compare actual cost from standard costs for finding out variance. Standard Costing is considered as the law of dimension for recognized by power. It provides measure in case presentation assessment for future analysis purpose. It ensures ascertainment of performance evaluation in business operations. It helps in supplying ways for utilizing proper material, labor as well as overheads for gaining economy in the near future. This particular system minimizes wastage for detecting variance as well as suggesting proper corrective actions. Standard Costing System enables motivating employees of business firm as well as improving performance by setting standard at the same time. It enables management for supplying necessary data in relation with cost demand as well as submits quotations in fixing up selling price of a particular business firm. Under Standard costing system, it includes cost centers for established responsibility for assigning concerned departments and persons. It increases effective delegated authority at the same time. It helps in managing proper inventory valuations like work-in-progress as well as finished products. It acts as a control device for the purpose of management (Horngren, 2011). It is a proper normal costing scheme with full contribution as well as participation. It creates optimistic and moneymaking attitude at every levels of organization for the same. It helps management in taking corrective decisions like fixation of price as well as making or buying decisions for firm beneficiary for future analysis purpose (Fields, 2011). Typical scheme encourages reappraisal of various methods. It includes resources as well as technique in helping reduced unfavorable variances in an overall manner. Standard costing acts as a guide to management in case of management functions in formulation of prices as well as production policies. It is most effective cost control system as under standard costing as reviewed and analysis at regular intervals in case of improvements for proper immediate actions. It analysis variances as well as measurement for detecting inefficiencies and mistakes for investigating reasons Standard costing system helps in drawing management attention in alignment with items for processing according to desired plan. Standard costs involve predetermined costs that are useful for planning as well as budgeting (Epstein Lee, 2012). It helps in estimating effects of changes in case of cost-price-variance relationship for decision-making process. Standard Costing System helps in making organization at cost-conscious stage as well as focus on standard cost in case of variance analysis in the most appropriate way. Standard costing is fixed for each product as well as its components and process operations. It aims at improving overall production efficiency in ultimate reduced cost as well as increased profits (Epstein Lee, 2011). Standard costing system enables in providing incentive schemes to workers as well as supervisor Normal estimate scheme simplifies in using charge manage procedures in an effective way Standard costing system concerns as an effectual tool for industry planning, subsidiary estimate as well as budgeting and inventory valuation. Standard Costing System implements for saving cost as well as elimination of cost work for future analysis purpose (Eldenburg, 2011). Standard Costing System helps in implementation of budgetary control system in case of operations in desired way. It requires delegation of authority as well as responsibility for effective utilization for setting standards for reduces profit fluctuations in method valuation. Part 3 Description on standard costing system usefulness in measuring productivity as well as quality Standard costing system usefulness in measuring productivity as well as quality Performance measures in recognizing element in Total Quality Management programs. Managers as well as supervisors direct several effects of an organization in instituting wide range of changes. Performance measurement in managing outcome as well as main purpose in reduced variation of work product or process at the same time. The profit can be regarded as the difference between the revenues as well as expenses over a certain period of time. The measurement of productivity can be regarded as a problem area owing to different difficulties that is inherent in specifically defining as well as quantifying different outputs and inputs that comprises of the productivity quotient. Standard costing system usefulness in measuring quality The main goal is to strive for sound decisions for affecting products as well as services. Performance measurement is a tool for improving organization goals as well as vision. Proper use of standard cost methods for enhancing high level of efficiency. It requires using standard costing techniques in efficient measurement of cost of goods sold as well as allowing effective budgeting and price setting in the most appropriate way. Efficiency Variance (quantity) Efficiency variance is considered as the difference between actual units usage in an expected amount. It expected amount for usual standard quantity of direct materials, labor as well as machine usage time for product assignment. Efficiency variance as applied to services. It is calculated for hours as required for audit completion versus budgeted amount (Drury, 2012). Direct material Direct Labor Direct material is also known as material yield variance as well as calculated as: Actual unit usage- Standard unit usage/*Standard cost per unit Direct labor is also known as labor efficiency variance and relates with material usage in relation with efficiency. It is calculated as: Actual Hours- Standard Hours* Standard overhead rate It is important to understand the fact that key components of efficiency variances lies for setting of standard. For instance, number of units of direct material assumes for the absence of scrap. It relies upon fact of standard amount in amount of scrap value for continuous negativity efficiency variance at the same time. It is a theoretical standard for meeting circumstances in optimal nature. Realistic standard incorporates certain reasonable inefficiency levels for close actual results. It is preferable in case of avoiding depressing series in case of negative efficiency variances. Direct labor efficiency variance Direct Labor variance measures firm ability in utilizing labor in accordance with expectations. Variance is useful in spotlighting for areas in production process for usage of labor hours as anticipated for future analysis purpose (Strasen, 2012). Variance is calculated as the difference between actual labor hours in case of producing an item for standard amount. Variance outcome in unfavorable conditions as reviewing by industrial engineers for underlying process It improves reduced production hours in required way. It is a simplified product design for reduced assembly time It reduced amount of scrap as produced by the process. It increases amount of automation process. It alters workflow for future analysis purpose. It emphasis upon multitude of variables as involved in difficult way for creation of standard for comparison to actual results It emphasis upon causes of labor efficiency variance like instructions for employees in receiving written work instructions Actual hours- Standard Hours * Standard rate= Labor efficiency variance Standard hours represents best estimate of business organization. It relates with an optimal speed by the production staff members in case of manufacturing of goods as far as possible. It figures out considerable assumptions in regard set up time production. It runs under employee skill levels as well as production duration in other factors. Standard based training for assumptions in minimum for employees in an overall manner (Burritt, 2011). Work Station configuration for acting as a work center for standard costing in creation of ways in the most appropriate way. Variable overhead efficiency variance Variable overhead efficiency discrepancy displays the dissimilarity between real as well as budgeted hours for working purpose. It is applied in case of standard variables as per transparency rate per hour. The formula is: Standard overhead rate* (Actual hours standard hours)= Variable overhead efficiency variance Constructive variance implies real variable overhead expenses as incurred per labor hours in expected ways. Variance mainly focuses on attention for overhead costs varying largely from expectations (Bhattacharyya, 2011). Variance overhead expenditure variance requires collection of manufacture expenses in sequence as submitted by manufacture department. Predictable labor hours estimates industrial engineering as well as production schedules staff members. It is purely based upon historical as well as project efficiency and equipment in case of capacity levels at the same time. There are wide range of possible causes required for variable overhead spending variance. These are as follows: Account Misclassification- It involves in variable overhead categories in incorrect classification as part of variable overhead in the most appropriate way. Outsourcing- It includes activities for sourcing in shifting to supplier and vice versa Supplier pricing- It includes suppliers change in prices as well as reflection on efficient principles Variable overhead expenditure concept is the majority applicable situations in the manufacture process for identical productive units (McFarland, 2012). Production Volume variance Production volume variance helps in measuring the overhead amount for unit production. It is considered as the difference between actual units produced for specified period as well as budgeted units for budgeted overhead rate at the same time. It is the measurement used for ascertainment of materials as well as production of management staff for producing goods. It is in accordance with planned expectations for expected overhead amount in an overall manner (Atkinson, 2012). From the business perspective of production process, production volume variance depends upon measurement of budget for creation of few months before. It is the measure for viewing at the ability of production operation in meeting the production schedule at specified time. Calculation of production volume variance is as follows: (Actual units produced-budgeted units produced) *Budgeted overhead rate Part 4 Effects of standard costing system on the profitability, financial planning and behavior of employees of business organizations Profitability In the recent world, standard costing system finds business methods like product line planning as well as productivity monitoring and advance cost measurement in operating and efficient organization in case of profitability. Managers require information regarding standard cost in determination of efficiency in business operations. Managers develop standard cost system in motivational effect of standard in case of employee productivity at the same time. Steps in effective implementation as well as maintenance in case of standard cost system. The technique for measurement of productivity focuses on various business aspects of performance of an organization, by means of important information regarding the standard cost accounting, thereby provides an effectual scheme to assess the productivity of an association and its different sector. The standard costs comprise the cost of goods sold for each finished product. Using standard costing, the gross profit margin for each finished good is easily determined by subtracting the standard cost from the products selling price. A favorable variance indicates that standard costs exceed actual costs, while an unfavorable variance means that actual costs are higher than standard costs. Differing factors may account for variances. Therefore, the standard costing system has an effect on the improved level of production that again in turn affects the overall standard costs for different labor as well as direct overhead. Effect of standard costing on financial planning Standard costing essentially acts a yardstick that can be used for the purpose of comparison with different standard costs. Therefore, standard costing can be considered as a basis for the purpose of measurement of performance. Thereafter, the performance might be measured and based on that the hypothetical financial planning can be carried out. This system also provides a strong basis for the regular tracking and control on expenditure incurred on different items. In addition to this, the system of standard costing also offers a basis for the customary check as well as control of materials, usage of price, cost of labor as well as overhead expenses. Again, the comparison of the standard cost with the actual cost can help in controlling as well as reduction of cost by means of constant system of tracking as well as comparison of results. This in turn can also help in appropriate financial planning that helps in tracking, recording and controlling and thereafter helps in augmentation of the overall productivity of the operations. Effect of standard costing on behavior of employees of an organization The standard costing has an impact on the behaviors of the employees as well as managers. There are different organizations that can reward the employees for the purpose of achievement of standards or else for the purpose of attaining performance at a certain level that is quite lower than the standard cost. Therefore, in this case the standard costing can help in affecting or motivating the employees. Therefore, the employees might possibly seek to carry out operations in a very effectual as well as economical manner. The use of standards for the purpose of assessment as well as systems of rewards can also help in motivating the employees and improvement of the effectiveness of the employees. Price Variance Price Variance is considered as the actual unit cost out of purchased items. It is deducted from standard cost and multiplied by quantity of total units purchased at specified period Formula of Price Variance (Actual Cost Incurred- Standard Cost)* Actual Quantity of Units Produced= Price Variance Price Variance is the actual cost incurred as lower in comparison with standard cost known as favorable price variance. If the actual cost is higher in comparison with standard cost, it is known as unfavorable price variance at the same time. It reveals achieving favorable price variance as achieved by purchasing goods especially in large quantities. It may put in business risk in inventory quantities in the most appropriate way (Gnen, 2012). Purchasing department commits little inventory for buying in smaller quantities. It tends in resulting in case of unfavorable price variance in an overall manner. Therefore, operational plan of business results in driving price variance types for incurring in the future business activities. Direct material price variance In case of variance analysis, direct material price variance considers as the difference between standard cost as well as actual quantity of materials used or purchased (Callen, 2012). It posses two components namely direct material usage variance as well as direct material total variance Direct Labor rate variance Direct labor rate Variance is considered as the measure of difference between actual costs of direct labor as well as standard cost of direct labor for utilization at specified time. Formula Direct Labor rate Variance = Actual Quantity*Actual Rate- Actual Quantity*Standard rate = Actual Cost- Standard Cost of Actual Hours Analysis Favorable labor variance helps in suggesting cost-efficient employment of direct labor by particular business organization (Williams, Van der Wiele Dale, 2012). There are several reasons for favorable labor rate variances like: It requires hiring un-skilled as well as semi-skilled labor that adversely affect labor efficiency variance It mainly decreases overall wage rates in current markets for increased supply of labor. It is because of influx of immigrants that results in relaxation of immigration policies at the same time It relates with inappropriate high setting of standard cost of direct labor in attribution for inaccurate planning in the near future An adverse labor rate variance relates with indicating higher labor costs for specified period in comparison with Standard Some of the causes for adverse labor rate variance mainly include: It increases national minimum wage rates for future analysis purpose It engages in hiring of more skilled labor in anticipation of standard known as labor efficiency variance It relates with inefficient hiring of HR Department It ensures effective negotiations by labor unions Variance Overhead spending variance Variance Overhead spending variance refers as the difference between actual as well as budgeted rates in case of variable overhead (Rumbaugh et al., 2012). This variance mainly focuses on attending of variances for overhead costs that vary largely from expectations. Variance Overhead spending variance = Actual hours worked*(actual overhead rate- standard overhead rate) Budget variance in Fixed Overhead Fixed operating cost expenditure discrepancy considered as the dissimilarity between real fixed visual projection expenses as incurred as well as budget overhead expenses at the same time. In case of unfavorable variance, it relates with actual fixed overhead expenses as anticipated as a whole (Fleischman, Boyns Tyson, 2012). Formula: Fixed overhead spending variance = Actual fixed overhead-budgeted fixed overhead Financial planning Financial Planning refers as the major part of standard costing as well as variance analysis at the same time. Variances arises due to reasons ranges from unrealistic standards to operational causes. It fails into account from various expected increase in the wage rates. It increases direct materials usage for hiring of low skilled labor in the near future (Boaden Dale, 2012). It requires planning inefficiencies for large variances for setting faulty standard in the most appropriate way. It deals with planning computation as well as operational variance one after other. It is difficult in ascertaining ways for precise causes as well as assigning responsibilities of related operational variances for specified individual as well as department within business organization. It is argued that causes as well as responsibilities differ from variances at times. Variance analysis fails in providing basis for investigation for promotion of better understanding of facts in operational environm ent in and among organization management for the same. Behavior of employees if more profitreward to staffmore motivatemore efficiency working It is important to understand the fact that behavior of employees directly proportional to reward system as well as motivation. Motivation from senior authority encourages employees in working together for attainment of future goals as well as objectives of an organization. Reward system can be in terms of monetary and non-monetary that enhances working culture in and within business organization (Mandal Shah, 2012). Standard costing as well as variance analysis encourages short-termism for inherent tendency towards attainment of short-term as well as quantified objectives and results in an effective manner. Negative perception of business organization standard costing as well as variance process reveals that employees manage during the budget setting. It fails in viewing the unfair process as far as possible. It is important for business organization on matters relating to performance management system for wide range of quantitative and qualitative measures. It encourages managemen t in adopting long-term views in alignment with organization strategic direction as a whole. Budget Versus Actual Most of the small business owners are of the opinion that budgeting as non-essential task as it is time-consuming. Leaders operate business activities without any kind of strategic financial plan of any form. It serves no purpose in considering business organization in understanding starting point as well as tracking progress at the same time. Figure: Budget Vs Actual (Source: Benninger, 2012) Business leaders conducts budget versus actual comparison. This particular process helps in using financial data for assessing close company spending as well as generation of revenue in meeting financial forecasting projections as included in given budget. It takes time in conducting the comparison but business leaders determine ways for working upon the funding process as far as possible. There are several reasons found for discrepancies noticed in budget as well as real quantity for expenditures plus revenues (Duck, 2012). These differences happen in case of the capacity of financial system. Buyer requirements as well as preference vary widely from actual actions by competitors. These factors are unpredictable in nature as well as reflect exact cause for resulted variances. Reference List Atkinson, A. (2012).Management accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Benninger, L. J. (2012). Standard Costs for Income Determination, Control, and Special Studies.The Accounting Review,25(4), 378-383. Bhattacharyya, D. (2011).Management accounting. Noida, India: Pearson. Boaden, R. J., Dale, B. G. (2012). Managing quality improvement in financial services: a framework and case study.Service Industries Journal,13(1), 17-39. Burritt, R. (2011).Environmental management accounting and supply chain management. Dordrecht: Springer. Callen, J. L. (2012). Efficiency measurement in the manufacturing firm.Journal of Productivity Analysis,2(1), 5-13. Drury, C. (2012).Management and cost accounting. Andover: Cengage Learning. Duck, R. E. V. (2012). The use of management accounting techniques in industry.Journal of Management Studies,8(3), 355-359. Eldenburg, L. (2011).Management accounting. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley Sons. Epstein, M. Lee, J. (2011).Advances in management accounting. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Epstein, M. Lee, J. (2012).Advances in management accounting. Bingley: Emerald. Fields, E. (2011).The essentials of finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers. New York: American Management Association. Fleischman, R. K., Boyns, T., Tyson, T. N. (2012). The search for standard costing in the United States and Britain.Abacus,44(4), 341-376. Gnen, S. (2012). THE USAGE OF TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP TOGETHER WITH QUALITY COSTING.World of Accounting Science,14(3). Horngren, C. Horngren, C. (2012).Management accounting. Toronto: Pearson Canada. Horngren, C. (2011).Introduction to management accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, M. (2012).Accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Lee, J. (2014).Engineering asset management 2011. London: Springer. Mandal, P., Shah, K. (2012). An analysis of quality costs in Australian manufacturing firms.Total Quality Management,13(2), 175-182. McFarland, W. B. (2012). The Basic Theory of Standard Costs.The Accounting Review,14(2), 151-158. Rumbaugh, J., Blaha, M., Premerlani, W., Eddy, F., Lorensen, W. E. (2012).Object-oriented modeling and design(Vol. 199, No. 1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-hall. Seal, W., Garrison, R., Noreen, E. (2012).Management accounting. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Strasen, L. (2012). Standard costing/productivity model for nursing.Nursing economic$,5(4), 158. Williams, A. R. T., Van der Wiele, A., Dale, B. G. (2012). Quality costing: a management review.International Journal of Management Reviews,1(4), 441-460.

John Steinbeck Essays - Dust Bowl, John Steinbeck,

John Steinbeck John Steinbeck, a 20th century novelist, was the recipient of numerous awards including the Nobel Prize. Steinbeck, a conservative that valued the old America, could produce pages of beauty followed by pages of sheer trash writing using specific characteristics, which his work is characterized by. John Steinbeck's work is characterized by symbolism and allegory, which can be seen in his novels The Pearl, The Grapes ofWrath, and his short story ?Flight.? In his short story, "Flight," John Steinbeck uses many examples of symbolism, which is one way you can characterize John Steinbecks' work. Symbolism can be a person, place, or thing used to portray something beyond itself. The most repeatedly used symbol in ?Flight? is the color black. In literature many authors use the color black to represent death. In his short story, ?Flight,? Steinbeck has numerous examples of color symbolism. A few examples are the black handle on the long blade, Pepe's black hair, and the black jerky. Another example may be found when Pep? puts on his fathers black coat, which represents death. When Pep? puts on the coat he is literally covering himself with death. Another fine example is the trail in which Pep? travels. Steinbeck describes the path as a well-worn black path. By traveling on this path he is in fact taking the road of death. Furthermore Pep?'s appearance also helps foreshadow the ending. Steinbeck describes him as having a black hat that covers his black thatched hair. Pep? is also described as being dark, lean and tall. Another example is Pep?'s shack. The shack is described as weathered and very old. It casts a rather large shadow to the Northeast. The darkness of the shadow symbolizes death in the home. As we can readily see, the authors use of black symbolism in the story tells us that the main character, Pep?, is impending death (pg. 225). Another form of symbolism that Steinbeck utilizes, which is also in ?Flight,? is nature symbolism. Throughout the story he uses nature to symbolize a variety of things. An example of nature symbolism is water, which is used to represent life. Some examples in the short story ?Flight? are Pepes' water bag that he hung over his horses' shoulder, which began to leak, symbolizing Pepes' life leaking away. Another example is when Pepe was traveling he started out close to the river and got further and further away as he traveled, symbolizing getting further away from life (pg. 225). Direction is another symbol Steinbeck uses, which is in ?Flight? as well. In ?Flight? direction is used to symbolize positive and pejorative effects. North and East are generally "good" directions. Many people feel this came about when the early man saw the sun rise in the East. On the contrary, the directions South and West are generally "bad" directions. Basically this is because the sun sets in the West. The direction up, which is also the way to heaven is generally "good," while down, the direction of hell, is considered to be "bad." An example of this form of symbolism can be found when Pepe is returning home. Pepe looks at his "weathered little shack" and notices the shadow. The shadow is heading in the direction Northeast. Even though the directions North and east are "good," the fact that the shadow is there turns them "bad." This means that evil is winning over goodness. So, whichever direction Pepe turns to he will fall into evil. Another fine example is when Pepe watches t he sun set in the West. The sun, which is the bringer of all life, is moving towards evil. That means it will be dark out and Pepe's death is soon to come. Steinbeck further uses this symbolism while describing the tops of the trees on the mountain. The tops of the trees were wind-bitten and dead. This symbolizes that the further Pepe travels up the mountain the closer he is to his inevitable death. As shown above, direction is another very important aspect of symbolism. Direction is just another of the many ways John Steinbeck accomplishes his foreshadowing of the ending of his story (pg. 225). As we can clearly see, John Steinbeck has used many techniques and examples of symbolism